Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)
The Certificate of Occupancy is issued by the state government and is one of the strongest proofs of land ownership in Nigeria. It indicates that the government has granted the holder the right to use the land for a specified period (often 99 years). Always verify that the C of O is genuine and matches the property and seller.
Deed of Assignment and Chain of Title
The Deed of Assignment transfers interest in the property from seller to buyer. Your lawyer should trace the chain of title: from the original owner (or C of O holder) through every subsequent assignment to the current seller. Gaps or missing documents can indicate disputes or fraud.
Other key documents
Survey plan, receipt of payment, tax clearance, and search results from the Land Registry. Governor's Consent may be required for assignment of state land.
Land Registry Search and Governor's Consent
A search at the relevant Land Registry (state or federal) reveals encumbrances, liens, and competing claims. For state land, Governor's Consent must be obtained for a valid transfer. Your lawyer should conduct the search and guide you through consent and registration.
Red Flags and Fraud Prevention
- • Price far below market with pressure to pay quickly
- • Seller avoids showing original documents or delays searches
- • Property or documents in dispute (family, community, government)
- • No independent lawyer; seller recommends "their" lawyer only
Always engage your own lawyer to verify documents and conduct searches. Do not rely on the seller's or agent's assurances alone.